Table of Content

19 December 2024, Volume 42 Issue 4

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Review

Review of lifetime and reliability assessment methods for aero-engine turbine disk

HUANG Shuai, GAO Ming , HUANG Min, GAO Chenjun , GUAN Xuefei

2024, 42(4):  1-16. 

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Aiming at the urgent demand for the development of life management for aero-engine in China,this study reviewed five kinds of lifetime assessment methods for aero-engine turbine disk,including the predicted safe cyclic life life鄄 time assessment method,the 2/3 dysfunction lifetime assessment method,the databank lifetime assessment method, the damage tolerance lifetime assessment method and the retirement for cause lifetime assessment method.Firstly, the development trends and prospects of lifetime assessment methods for turbine disk were systematically analyzed from three perspectives of non-destructive testing and online monitoring techniques,load and failure mode analysis techniques and advanced fatigue life prediction methods.Secondly,combined with practical engineering cases,the reliability assessment procedures,parameter determination and applicable conditions of the selected lifetime as鄄 sessment method were introduced.And the impact of the number of test samples and different life distribution as鄄 sumptions on the lifetime assessment results were explored.Finally,the existing research work and future develop鄄 ment trends of turbine disk lifetime assessment methods were summarized.It was pointed out that the lifetime as鄄 sessment of aero-engine turbine disk in China should aim at fully tap into the life potential of components,and based on practical engineering needs,combining with related advanced technologies such as new sensor,digital twins and machine learning,in order to further improve the reliability and economy of the entire life cycle of aero engine.

Safety and airworthiness of civil aircraft

Research on closed-loop control of simulated smoke in aircraft cargo compartment

YANG Jianzhong, YAN Xiaoshuang, CHEN Xiyuan

2024, 42(4):  17-23. 

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Considering the safety of the test process， the real fire smoke will not be used generally in the airworthiness verification test of the smoke detection system of aircraft cargo compartment, while the simulated smoke generated by the
smoke generator will be used for the test. However, there are certain differences between the simulated smoke generated by the smoke generator and the real fire smoke. In order to achieve similar effects between the two kinds of
smoke during the verification process, closed-loop control of the simulated smoke is required to more accurately
verify the smoke detection system. Firstly, the numerical model of smoke simulation is established in the fire dynamics simulator (FDS), the boundary conditions of smoke generation of the smoke generator are set, the smoke
data at the target location is calculated. Then the proxy model of simulated smoke is identified, and finally the
closed-loop control law is designed. The research results show that the established smoke simulation model can
meet the requirements, and the designed control law can achieve the control effect of the simulated smoke. Through
the research on closed-loop control of simulated smoke, feasible methods and support can be provided for the verification of smoke detection in aircraft cargo compartment.


Research on the protective effect of aviation child safety device on 1.5-year-old children

SHI Xiaopeng, XIONG Chen

2024, 42(4):  24-28. 

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Aviation child safety device (ACSD) is a child restraint system specially designed for commercial aircraft. At present,
the supplementary loop belt is mainly used in civil aviation in China asrestraint device of children aviation safety, but
the quantitative analysis of its protective effect on protecting children is still lacking. Based on the 16 g longitudinal
impact sled test, the injuries on head, neck, chest and abdomen of the Q1.5 dummy under constraints of two types of
ACSD including the supplementary loop belt and the child aviation restraint system (CARES) safety belt are studied
respectively in this paper. The results show that under the specified test conditions, CARES can effectively restrain
and protect 1.5-year-old children, while the supplementary loop belt will cause seriousinjury to neck and abdomen of
the children. Thisstudy could provide reference and guidance for the use ofACSD.



Quality evaluation method of cyber threat intelligence based on multi-source heterogeneous data

2024, 42(4):  29-36. 

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With the diversification of cyber attacks forms and the complexity of attack methods, cyber threat intelligence (CTI)
has become an important means of dealing with unknown cyber threats. To effectively solve the problem of difficulty
to evaluate CTI quality due to the wide source and high repeatability, this paper proposes ISU-Measure (intelligent-source-user measure), a quality evaluation method of CTI based on multi-source heterogeneous data. Firstly,
timeliness, activity, relevance and completeness are designed as quantitative indicators to characterize the quality
of micro threat intelligence. Secondly, it is proposed to use scale, periodicity and originality as quantitative indicators to evaluate the overall quality of threat intelligence sources. Then, based on the differences in user needs, user
indicator preferences are designed and combing with the Critic weighting method, composite weight is generated.
At the same time, seven quantitative indicators are weighted to construct a quantitative evaluation model. The quality evaluation results of 12 mainstream threat intelligence sources show that the composite weighting method designed by the ISU-Measure method is superior to the Critic weighting method and the mean method, and has significant advantages in indicator coverage, acquisition difficulty and discrimination, compared with other research
methods.


Modeling and simulation of aircraft-satellite link in satellite-based ADS-B system

LI Dongxia, NING Jiawei, LIU Haitao

2024, 42(4):  37-42. 

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Satellite-based automatic dependent surveillance broadcast (ADS-B) system is a new type of aviation surveillance
technology, with an extensive application prospect in the future air traffic management system. In order to explore
the communication performance of aircraft-satellite link in satellite-based ADS-B system profoundly, a complete
aircraft-satellite link model of satellite-based ADS-B according with the international standards is built by effectively combined professional software Matlab and STK (system tool kit). The entire process of transmitting and receiving ADS-B messages are simulated through discrete event dynamic interaction. Finally, the indicators that can
reflect the communication performance of aircraft-satellite link in satellite-based ADS-B system such as possibility of identify (POI), possibility of detective (POD), signal received power, possibility of signal collision and the
coverage of satellite are obtained through statistics. The simulation results show that with the number of aircraft in
the area increases, POI and POD decrease, and the possibility of message collision increases.


Arrival sequencing and scheduling based on point merge system with#br# enhanced robustness#br#

WANG Lili , XIONG Zirui , , TANG Zhenwei

2024, 42(4):  43-49. 

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The existing sequencing and scheduling models for arrival flight rarely consider the influence of uncertain factors.
This paper establishes a two-stage arrival sequencing and scheduling model with enhanced robustness based on
the characteristics of the point mergen system (PMS) that the continuous descent approach time conforms to the
Gaussian distribution. In the first stage, the uncertainty brought by random variables is described, design a static
sequencing and scheduling model with additional buffer is designed based on chance constrained programming
theory, and the optimal additional buffer is determined by taking flight time and order change as indicators. In
the second stage, in order to compensate for the situation that the flight time exceeds the buffer capacity caused
by unpredictable reasons, a heuristic algorithm based on sliding time windows is applied to dynamically adjust
the scheme in the first stage. Through Monte-Carlo simulation of continuous descent approach time in uncertain
scenarios, the simulation results show that the proposed two-stage model exhibits good performance in balancing
robustness and fairness compared with other models under high, medium and low traffic densities.


Research on prediction of air traffic network flow system situation based on GWO-HMM

ZHANG Zhaoning, YANG Gang

2024, 42(4):  50-55. 

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To address the problem of how air traffic flow management departments can implement flow management more ef鄄
ficiently, the situational awareness theory was applied to the air traffic network flow system (ATNFS) in this paper,
and the operational situation prediction model of the air traffic network flow system was established. Firstly, the
situational awareness process of air traffic network flow system was provided, and five situation elements including
route saturation, irregular flight rate, node saturation, node delayed sortie ratio and node flight cancellation rate,
were selected from the perspective of nodes and routes, and the situation values were used as indicators of situation
understanding. Secondly, the advantages and disadvantages of hidden Markov model (HMM) were analyzed, and a
situation prediction model based on grey wolf optimization (GWO) algorithm and improved HMM was established.
Finally, the actual operation data of an air traffic network flow system were used to verify the algorithm. The results
showed that the improved prediction model had higher accuracy and more accurate prediction results compared
with the original HMM.


Approach capacity evaluation of parallel runway under mixed approach operation

QI Yannan, ZHU Yuxiang, WANG Xinglong

2024, 42(4):  56-63. 

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Taking instrument landing system (ILS) and established on required navigation performance authorization required (RNP AR) (EoR) mixed approach procedure as the research object, the runway approach capacity under
the mixed approach is discussed. Firstly the aircraft wake dissipation and movement law are studied, and a safety
distance calculation method is proposed under mixed approach conditions. And then the approach capacity model of mixed approach parallel runway is established according to the characteristics of mixed approach operation.
Finally, taking Kunming Changshui International Airport as an example, total airspace and airport simulation
model is established to verify this model. On this basis, various operational scenarios are set up to analyze the
factors affecting the runway approach capacity under the mixed approach conditions, including procedure struc鄄
ture, type of aircraft and aircraft proportion of RNP AR capability. The results show that the capacity evaluation
model can evaluate the approach capacity of parallel runway under mixed approach operation accurately and objectively. And the larger the segment radius of constant radius to fix (RF), the greater of the runway approach capacity. When the RF segment radius is 4-7 km, the aircraft proportion of RNP AR capability is higher, the runway
approach capacity is larger. And the proportion of medium-sized aircraft is higher, the greater of the runway approach capacity is greater.


Cluster analysis and simulation verification of sector control complexity based on coyote optimization algorithm#br#

LI Zhenmeng

2024, 42(4):  64-70. 

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To improve the ability of scientifically assessing the sector control complexity, a clustering algorithm of sector con鄄
trol complexity based on the coyote optimization algorithm (COA) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a per-dimen鄄
sion mutation improvement strategy is introduced to propose the improved coyote optimization clustering algorithm
(ICOCA), which can solve the problem of being easily trapped in local optimal solutions. Secondly, taking the re鄄
gional control sectors in the Northwest China as the research object, the ICOCA is applied to conduct cluster analy鄄
sis for the index of sector control complexity. Finally, the results of sector clustering are simulated and verified,
which can prove the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed algorithm in the classification of sector control
complexity, thus it can provide effective data decisions for subsequent airspace management.


Future airports and smart equipment

Research on simulated maintenance system of civil aircraft under dual-mode

HE Zhenpeng , YAO Lianzheng , LIU Quan , LI Baichun , XIN Jia , ZHAO Fuxing

2024, 42(4):  71-76. 

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To solve the problems of harsh maintenance training conditions of civil aviation aircraft and the difficulty for operators to understand complex maintenance manuals, a dual-mode simulated maintenance system of a certain type
civil aircraft is designed and developed based on virtual reality (VR) technology. Firstly, dual-mode system of
desktop and VR are developed based on Unity3D platform and HTC Vive virtual device, and interactive research
on ray dynamic collision detection algorithm and geometric transformation are carried out. Then， a data manage
ment and scheduling scheme based on B/S architecture is proposed, and the sub query search engine is studied.
Finally, the test verification of dual-mode system is carried out respectively, taking the landing gear maintenance
as well as winding inspection and maintenance of civil aircraft as case studies. The research results show that the
space segmentation technology based on dynamic collision detection algorithm is more conducive to ray detection,
and the search that is divided into sub queries according to logical steps is more efficient. The developed system
meets the virtual learning and training needs of trainees for different simulated maintenance.


Modification of temperature-induced curling impact on the deflection of airport cement concrete pavement

MA Zhenghao , LIU Hailun , HOU Tianxin

2024, 42(4):  77-83. 

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A modification method of temperature-induced curling impact based on pavement deflection is proposed in order to
reduce the impact of temperature-induced curling on deflection test of airport cement concrete pavement and im－
prove the accuracy of structural performance evaluation of pavement. Firstly, the effective deflection of the pave－
ment under negative temperature gradient is derived as the difference between the field-measured deflection and
the corresponding temperature-induced curling. Secondly, based on numerical simulation and regression calcula－
tion, it is analyzed that the temperature-induced curling at the edge as well as corner of the pavement panel are lin－
early positively correlated with the thickness of the pavement panel and the flexural and tensile elastic modulus of
the cement concrete, and are only slightly influenced by the low-level subgrade reaction modulus and joint load
transfer capacity. Accordingly, a calculation formula for pavement temperature-induced curling is established with
the thickness of the pavement panel and the flexural and tensile elastic modulus of the cement concrete as correc－
tion parameters. Finally, the modification method proposed in this article is verified through field testing. The re－
sults show that the correction error of deflection is less than 10.0% at edge and less than 6.0% at corner of the pave－
ment panel based on the standard of pavement deflection under zero temperature gradient. The proposed modifica－
tion method of temperature-induced curling impact based on pavement deflection can satisfy the requirement for
general structural performance evaluation of airport pavement.


Research on optimization of departure time for international flight considering#br# alliance connection#br#

DU Haoyue, YANG Wendong

2024, 42(4):  84-90. 

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A schedule optimization method for international flight considering alliance connection was proposed in this paper
to fully leverage the value of alliance cooperation. The optimization model regarded scheduled delay cost of originating nonstop passengers and the transfer time cost of transfer passengers as opportunity cost, and incorporated
into the objective function of maximizing the total profits of airlines. The constraints including transfer time, deviation coefficient, passenger number limit and arrival time of target flight, were introduced to ensure the smooth connection of previous and subsequent flights in the alliance network. A two-stage solution algorithm was designed to
ensure both the single optimal time and the overall optimal time for multiple flights within a feasible range. In the
case analysis of the route market from Shanghai Pudong International Airport to Los Angeles International Airport,
it can increase the profits of airlines by approximately 319 000 yuan by operating according to the optimized three
flight departure time. The results showed that optimized flight schedules based on alliance connection can effectively reduce passenger opportunity costs and increase airline profits, which verifies the model can provide reference for airlines to develop flight schedules with alliance cooperation.


Measuring the impact of high-speed railway on civil aviation passenger transport in airport cities

LI Guodong, CHEN Qin

2024, 42(4):  91-96. 

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The competition and cooperation relationship between high-speed railway and civil aviation makes it inevitable to
design and optimize Chinese aviation passenger transport network based on the comparative advantages of both
sides. In this paper, 88 cities with both high-speed railway stations and airports from 2008 to 2018 are taken as the
research objects. Based on the analysis of the changes in the layout of high-speed railway construction, the impacts
of high-speed railway on the resistance effect of civil aviation passenger transport, the growth rate of airport pas鄄
senger throughput and the aviation hierarchical structure of airport cities are discussed respectively. The results
show that the layout of Chinese high-speed railway construction is expanding from the east and central to the west
and northeast, and the resistance effect of high-speed railway on civil aviation passenger transport is more obvious
when the distance between cities is below 1 200 km. In addition, in the second year after the opening of high-speed
railway lines, it has a negative inhibition effect on the growth rate of passenger throughput of 42 airports and avia鄄
tion hierarchical structure of 21 airport cities, and has a positive promotion effect on the growth rate of passenger
throughput of 19 airports and aviation hierarchical structure of 47 airport cities. Therefore, the aviation passenger
transport market in China should take into account of the differences of competition and cooperation effects of
high-speed railway, as well as designing and optimizing route network pertinently to leverage the advantages of
aviation passenger transport network