Table of Content

22 September 2025, Volume 43 Issue 4

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Safety and airworthiness of civil aircraft

Research on lumbar spine injury of aircraft occupants under vertical impact

based on THUMS

SHI Xiaopenga , LI Peiyaob , GUO Kai c , CUI Shurui c , XIE Jianga

2025, 43(4):  1-9. 

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Under aircraft crash impacts, lumbar spine injury is a key factor affecting the survival ability of aircraft occupants

(abbreviated as occupants). This article aims to investigate the lumbar spine injuries of occupants under vertical

impact loads. Firstly, the high-precision numerical dummy THUMS (total human model for safety) was used to

study the effects of loading peak and loading time of the impact load acceleration on the biomechanical injuries

to the lumbar spine of occupants. Secondly, the differences in lumbar spine dynamic response between THUMS

and Hybrid Ⅲ dummies under vertical impact conditions were analyzed. Finally, the biomechanical injury of the

occupants′ lumbar spine was studied from a microscopic perspective. The study showed that with change of constant velocity, the peak value of axial load of the occupants′ lumbar spine increases greatly with an increase in

loading peak of acceleration, while the peak value of bending moment of the lumbar spine increases little. The

peak value of axial load of the occupants′ lumbar spine is positively correlated with the speed of energy accumulation. When the loading time is excessively short, the inertia effect limits lumbar flexion, resulting in a smaller

bending moment of the lumbar spine. The largest axial load of lumbar spine appears at the L5 cross-section and

the largest bending moment of lumbar spine occurs at the L1 cross-section, the assessment of lumbar spine injury

of occupants should comprehensively consider the effects of axial compression force and bending moment. From

a biomechanical perspective, the risk of injury to the cortical bone and key ligaments of the lumbar spine is the highest.

Research progress on the application of CF3I in substituting airborne Halon

fire-extinguishing agent

CUI Wenyao

2025, 43(4):  10-14. 

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The airborne Halon fire-extinguishing agent in aircraft has been restricted in production and phased out within a

specified period by international conventions due to its ozone depleting effects. Trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I) is

considered as one of the most promising Halon alternatives due to its comparable efficiency of fire-extinguishing

to Halon, low ozone depletion potential (ODP) and global warming potential (GWP). However, concerns regarding

its cardiac sensitization have limited its usage to uninhabited areas. In this work, the feasibility study of CF3I replacing airborne Halon fire-extinguishing agent is firstly sorted out. Then, the current research progress on the

design of CF3I fire-extinguishing system is summarized. Finally, the research direction of airborne CF3I fire-extinguishing device is prospected. This study has important practical significance for the research and development

of domestic large aircraft Halon replacement technology and fire-extinguishing equipment.

Research on the system dynamics of personnel panic psychology in civil

aircraft fire accidents

DU Hongbing, YAN Zhen, ZHANG Chong

2025, 43(4):  15-21. 

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In order to explore the impact of panic psychology on the evacuation process of civil aviation passenger aircraft

(abbreviated as civil aircraft) passengers, based on the consideration of environmental factors, self-regulation factors and population influencing factors, Anylogic software is used to establish the system dynamics model of propagation of panic psychology among passengers during cabin fires, and its parameter values are determined through

questionnaires and other methods. And the propagation and recovery of panic psychology among evacuees are simulated for different visibilities and temperatures in the cabin. The results show that, in the early stage of evacuation,

the smoke generated by the burning caused a decrease in visibility and an increase in temperature in the cabin,

leading to a rapid increase in the number of panicked people. Subsequently, under the influence of self-regulation,

crew guidance and positive information dissemination, the number of people in panic gradually decreased, and finally the number of people in panic and calm remains relatively stable and reaches a state of dynamic balance. The

study finds that the increase in passengers′ attention to cabin safety information can effectively reduce the time it

takes for the crowd′s emotions to reach a dynamic balance. This study has guiding significance for relieving passenger panic psychology and improving evacuation efficiency during emergency evacuation of civil aircraft.

Experimental study of the effect of high temperature environment in the cabin on

civil aviation flight crews

SHEN Haiminga , REN Jiawei b , SHEN Hao , WANG Yanqingb

2025, 43(4):  22-28. 

Asbtract ( 1945 )  

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The Mechanical Systems Harmonization Working Group (MSHWG) was tasked by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to propose a new set of standards for acceptable high-temperature environments in the cabin based on

the core temperature of the human body. To investigate the impact of this standard on the physiological indicators

and behavioral abilities of Chinese flight crews, this study simulated the high -temperature environment of the

cockpit in an artificial climate chamber and conducted a control experiment using healthy male flight trainees aged

18-25 and ordinary college students. Wireless physiological equipment was used to monitor changes in human

physiological indicators at different core temperatures of the human body and time, and a neurobehavioral evaluation system was used to assess changes in human behavioral ability indicators. The experimental results showed

that human body core temperature, skin temperature and heart rate increased with rising environment temperature,

and they are all within the physiological tolerance range of the human body. The arterial and venous oxygen saturation decreased with increasing environment temperature, but with no statistical difference. There were no significant changes in any behavioral abilities of the human body under different core temperature-times conditions, except for visual retention ability and the differences were not statistically significant. The core temperature limit values of the human body provided by MSHWG have a safe impact on the physiological load and behavioral abilities of flight crews.

Future airports and smart equipment

Numerical simulation of laser cladding of T-shaped components

ZHANG Ying , WANG Zehua , LIANG Shuai , LUO Ruimin, , WANG Xu

2025, 43(4):  29-35. 

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In order to explore the laser cladding process to minimize the residual stress and deformation of T-shaped components, different process parameters were designed and the results of temperature field, residual stress field and deformation field were calculated under different process parameters in this paper. It was found that the constraint

mode affects the peak value and distribution of residual stress and deformation displacement of components, while

different cladding paths and speeds mainly affect the peak value of residual stress and deformation displacement.

The peak values of residual stress and deformation displacement under free placement constraint mode are 89.4%

and 71.1%, 66.3% and 61.6% lower than those under restraint mode of four-corner fixation and two-side fixation,

respectively. The peak values of residual stress and deformation displacement in reciprocating cladding path process are 26.9% and 6.8% lower than those in unidirectional sequential path process, and the peak values of residual

stress and deformation displacement in cladding speed of 10 mm/s are 11.0% and 4.9%, 35.5% and 34.8% lower

than those in cladding speed of 2.5 mm/s and 5.0 mm/s, respectively. According to the index analysis of reducing

residual stress and deformation, the optimal cladding process is to adopt the process of free placement constraint,

reciprocating cladding path and a higher cladding speed.

Study on vibration characteristics of scarf patch repaired composite honeycomb

panel under hygrothermal conditions

LU Xiang a , MA Chuanning b , LI Chenb , CUI Kaixinb

2025, 43(4):  36-42. 

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Through the modal test and finite element simulation of the carbon fiber epoxy resin/Nomex paper honeycomb

panel which is one-side stepped scarf patch repaired, the vibration characteristics of the scarf patch repaired

composite honeycomb panel (abbreviated as honeycomb repaired panel) under hygrothermal conditions were

explored. Using the segmented shear deformation theory and the hygrothermal equivalent theory, a finite element

model for one-side stepped scarf patch honeycomb repaired panel was established. The effect of repairing parameters on the natural frequency of honeycomb repaired panel under different hygrothermal conditions was analyzed. The results showed that the stiffness of the composite honeycomb panels decreases due to scarf patch repairing, and the smaller the slope of scarf patch, the more the motherboard is removed, the lower the stiffness of

the honeycomb panels, and the effect is more significant under hygrothermal conditions. In the range of temperature from 300 K to 375 K and humidity from 0 to 0.75%, the natural frequency of honeycomb repaired panels decreases more significantly in hygroscopic conditions than that in thermal conditions. The combined effect of hygrothermal has a greater impact on the natural frequency reduction of honeycomb repaired panels than superposition of the separate effects of hygroscopic and thermal conditions.

Aero-engine assisted maintenance learning system based on mixed reality

HE Zhenpeng , ZHAO Fuxing , XIN Jia , LI Baichun , GE Chang , LIU Hongyu , LIU Quan

2025, 43(4):  43-49. 

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Aiming at the problems in aero-engine maintenance, a mixed reality-based assisted maintenance learning system

for aero-engine is proposed by combining key technologies such as 3D registration fusion, gesture recognition interaction, spatial mapping network, and remote guidance annotation. The research has implemented functions of

relevant modules such as structural learning of aero-engine maintenance, guided maintenance of aero-engine,

and remote spatial guidance annotation, and verified the feasibility and effectiveness of each functional module of

the system through aero-engine failure cases. The results indicate that the system has efficient interactivity,

which can significantly reduce the difficulty of maintenance tasks and improve the efficiency of maintenance

training and learning practice.

Research on the resilience evaluation of airport running and sliding system

under snowfall conditions

CHENG Guoyong, TIAN Yimeng

2025, 43(4):  50-55. 

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In response to the prominent problems faced by most large civil aviation airports in China, such as capacity saturation and high operational pressure, as well as the weak resilience research in China′s civil aviation infrastructure field under unfavorable meteorological conditions, a 4E airport in North China is taken as the research object, firstly, the running and sliding system simulation model of this airport is established by Anylogic simulation

tool, and the performance response function F（t） of the running and sliding system is constructed based on

three parameters: the total number of take-off and landing sorties completed up to t hour N(t), the total number

of take-off and landing sorties within t hour nt and the average taxiing time T(t). Secondly, on this basis, according to the basic concept of performance response function method, the resilience index R of running and sliding

system is proposed. Then, further referring to the arithmetic mean and one standard deviation results of airport resilience index from previous research, a 5-level classification standard for the resilience level of the running and

sliding system is proposed, including low, relatively low, medium, relatively high, and high resilience. Finally,

according to the above research, it is concluded that the resilience level of running and sliding system fluctuates

due to the influence of flight arrangement density, and the airport performs well under short -term and small

snowfall conditions, where the resilience index is above 0.680 0. However, the resilience level of the system

needs to be improved under long-term and heavy snowfall conditions, and the resilience index is only 0.472 1

under the most unfavorable conditions. This study can provide references for the research and application of the

resilience theory of civil aviation infrastructure.

Air Transport Economics

Research on the promotion of urban economic resilience by air logistics：

taking an airport-type national logistics hub hosting city Zhengzhou as a case

SHEN Danyang , LIU Ximeng , ZHENG Wenjuan , LIU Jiao

2025, 43(4):  56-61. 

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To study whether air logistics can promote the improvement of urban economic resilience, this paper selects

Zhengzhou, a hosting city of the airport-type national logistics hub, establishes an evaluation index system for

urban economic resilience using its 2009-2021 data of air logistics and urban economic, evaluates it using the

entropy method, and empirically tests the correlation between the matching ability of air logistics and urban economic resilience using the vector autoregressive (VAR) model. The study results show that the strength of urban

economic resilience is significantly correlated with the level of air logistics matching ability. The effect of the

strength of urban economic resilience on the promotion of matching ability of air logistics presents an immediate

significant effect, whereas the effect of the level of air logistics matching ability on the promotion of urban economic resilience shows a gradual cumulative effect.

Research on the evolution of international freight rates and taxes in civil aviation

GAO Chao, , YU Zhao, , ZHANG Honghai , , TIAN Feng,

2025, 43(4):  62-66. 

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Civil aviation international freight rates and taxes are an important source of increasing national fiscal revenue, but

due to differences in tax policies among different countries and regions, as well as differences in tax rules among

different airlines, civil aviation international freight rates and taxes need to be calculated through multiple channels

and data sources, which greatly reduces user experience. To provide effective theoretical and practical guidance for

industry-related personnel, this article is based on the changes in international freight rates and taxes calculation

rules and methods. Firstly, the evolution process of civil aviation international freight rates and taxes from manual

calculation to automation and intelligence is systematically reviewed, with a focus on the series of work carried out

by Airline Tariff Publishing Company (ATPCO) in establishing unified technical specifications and management

standards for civil aviation international freight rates and taxes. Secondly, a work case of TravelSky Technology

Limited (abbreviated as China TravelSky) implementing automatic calculation of taxes and fees in civil aviation

international fare search was introduced. Finally, a comprehensive analysis was conducted on the impact of new

taxes, new technologies, and new policies on the international freight rates and taxes of civil aviation.

Aviation Environment and Sustainable Development

Investigation on breakup and atomization characteristics of conical liquid film of

centrifugal nozzle based on VOF-to-DPM

2025, 43(4):  67-73. 

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Studying the atomization characteristics of bio aviation kerosene is an important step to improve aero-engine

combustion efficiency and reduce pollutant emissions. In order to obtain the macroscopic field physical quantity

distribution and microscopic droplet parameters of breakup and atomization of conical liquid film of centrifugal

nozzle at the same time, a model that can capture both the gas-liquid interface and droplet particles was selected

in this paper, and on this basis, the effects of different physical property parameters of bio aviation kerosene

(density, viscosity, surface tension, etc.), fuel supply pressure difference and environmental pressure on the atomization quality of the bio aviation kerosene were studied. The results showed that density, viscosity and surface

tension affect the process of breakup and atomization of bio aviation kerosene, and the larger the density, the

larger the atomized droplets, and higher viscosity and surface tension increase the diameter of the oil mist

droplets. The increase of the fuel supply pressure difference is conducive to the development of the atomization

macroscopic space field, and the spray penetration length increases significantly with the increase of the fuel

supply pressure difference. When the fuel supply pressure difference reaches a certain value, there is no obvious

difference in the increase rate of spray penetration length. Environmental pressure has a significant effect on

spray dynamics. The increase of environmental pressure makes the droplet distribution in the atomization field

decrease, resulting in the decrease of atomization quality.

Numerical simulation of pollutants from non-premixed combustion of

CH4 /H2 under multivariate wide-range conditions

ZHANG Hong, LI Linjun, WANG Xiaodong

2025, 43(4):  74-83. 

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This article takes the jet-in-hot-coflow (JHC) combustor as the research object and conducts numerical simulation

of pollutants from non-premixed combustion of hydrogen blended methane under multivariate wide-range conditions. Quantitative analysis is conducted on the effects of hydrogen blended ratio of central fuel jet, velocity of

central fuel jet, and the oxygen content and temperature of the hot coflow on combustion temperature, reaction rate,

and the generation of major pollutants. The results show that with an increase of hydrogen blended ratio, the

reaction at the inlet becomes more intense and the temperature peak is higher, the combustion rate increases, the

high-temperature region becomes wider, the mass fraction of CO and CO2 decrease, while the mass fraction of NOx

increases. As the oxygen mass fraction of hot coflow increases, the mass fraction of CO first increases and then

decreases, and the increase of the NOx mass fraction peak can reach 250% . With the increase of hot coflow

temperature, CO mass fraction increases, CO2 mass fraction decreases, and the average increase of the NOx mass

fraction peak can reach 230%. This paper can provide basic theoretical support for predicting pollutant emissions

of hydrogen blended fuels in engineering applications.

Air Transportation Management

OD flight schedule optimization for uncertain air route block time

GAO Wei, LU Xinzhen

2025, 43(4):  84-90. 

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In order to reduce the adjustment of control plan caused by uncertain air route block time between the departure

airport and the destination airport, in a data-driven manner, time optimization of airports at both ends of the air

route was conducted by establishing a strategic and tactical two-stage stochastic programming model targeting

uncertainty in air route block time. And the sample mean approximation algorithm was used to solve the problem

to improve the uncertainty of the air route operation time and reduce the adjustment of the control plan. Taking

the flight schedule of Beijing Capital International Airport and Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport at the

winter-spring season of 2021 as an example, the adjustment amount of control plan of the optimized flight schedule was reduced in the tactical stage, and the uncertainty of air route operation time was improved. By comparing

the schedule block time of air routes under different weights, suggestions for reducing the planned block time of

air routes were proposed to improve the operation efficiency of flight schedule planning.

General aviation and drones

Cause analysis of multi-rotor UAV accidents based on FTA-BN model

YUE Rentian, HAN Lei

2025, 43(4):  91-96. 

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The analysis of the causes of multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) accidents is helpful to realize the scientific prevention and control of multi-rotor UAV accidents. In this paper, 382 cases of multi-rotor UAV accidents

were investigated, and a fault tree analysis-Bayesian network (FTA-BN) model was established to analyze the

causes of multi-rotor UAV accidents. Firstly, a fault tree model was established with the multi-rotor UAV accident as the top event, the mid-air collision, crash and loss of contact of the multi-rotor UAV as the intermediate

events, and the accident causation events as the basic event. Then, according to the correspondence relationship

between the fault tree model and the Bayesian network, the fault tree model was transformed into a Bayesian network model. Finally, the posterior probability inference and sensitivity analysis of the Bayesian network model

were carried out by Netica software, and the main causative factors of accidents were obtained. The results

showed that the combined model can not only simplify the inference of the cause of UAV accidents, but also obtain more reliable inferences.