Table of Content

12 July 2025, Volume 43 Issue 3

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Safety and airworthiness of civil aircraft

Experimental and simulation on emergency evacuation of passenger in wide-body aircraft under tilted attitude

CHENG Ming, WEI Keyu

2025, 43(3):  1-7. 

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To explore the influence of tilted attitude of wide-body aircraft on the emergency evacuation of cabin passenger, a

combination of cabin partial evacuation test and full-size simulation test is used to analyze the key factors such as

evacuation time. Based on the scenario construction theory and social force model, the relevant parameters in the

full-size simulation model are modified with real test data of partial evacuation, and then the full-size simulation

model is used to conduct the simulation test of passenger evacuation under cabin tilted attitude, and the increase

model of the average evacuation time of tilted attitude is established. The test data show that the inclination attitude

angle of the aircraft has an effect on the evacuation process and efficiency. Under pitch attitude, pitch ±5 degrees

has a positive effect on the evacuation efficiency, evacuation efficiency is -0.044 at pitch -10 degrees. Under

roll posture, roll angle has a significant negative correlation with evacuation efficiency, and the evacuation efficiency is -0.073 at roll ±10°. The results show that the data deviation between simulation model and real test of partial

evacuation is 6.54%, which is in the acceptable range. The full-size simulation model can accurately simulate the

effects and change rules of passenger emergency evacuation under the tilted attitude of the cabin, and can provide

references for the safety evaluation of the design, manufacture and operation of passenger aircraft.

Research on risk factors analysis of civil aircraft landing gear retraction

system based on STPA

JIA Baohui a , WEN Xiaowei b , WANG Yiqianga , HAN Wenrui b , XIAO Haijianb

2025, 43(3):  8-14. 

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In this paper, based on system theoretic process analysis (STPA) method, the system level hazards of aircraft landing gear retraction system were identified and determined, and the behavior principle block diagram model of human-machine control, system functional action and feedback of the whole operation process of the system was constructed. The unsafe control action (UCA) in the operation process of the system was identified and the risk factors

leading to UCA were analyzed. The research showed that the method can not only enable identification of all component physical failure factors recognized by traditional safety analysis methods, but also identify risk factors leading to UCA incidents resulting from human-machine interaction, such as position and actuate on control unit

(PACU) core processor algorithm delays and crew member misoperation. The research results of this paper can

provide theoretical basis and methodological support for safety analysis of the entire process for civil aircraft development and application.

Prediction method for bearing remaining life based on GMTCN model

GUO Runxiaa , JIANG Yuyanga , HUANG Chaob

2025, 43(3):  15-23. 

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Aiming at the problem that the existing prediction methods for bearing remaining life are difficult to effectively

extract degradation features when dealing with multi-sensor data, a prediction method for bearing remaining life

based on global attention and multi-scale time convolutional network (GMTCN) was proposed. Firstly, the GMTCN

model was used to process the multi-sensor signals of the bearing, and the degradation features of the bearing at

different scales were extracted with the help of two different strategies of temporal convolutional networks.

Secondly, the global attention mechanism was used to balance the contribution of data from different sensors and

time steps in the bearing remaining life prediction, and the extracted multi-scale features were fused. Finally, the

remaining life of the bearing is predicted. To assess the performance of this method, remaining life prediction were

conducted using the PHM2012 bearing dataset and a bearing dataset obtained from degradation data collected on

an accelerated fatigue testing platform. The root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) values

obtained were lower than other methods, while the average value of SCORE was increased to a certain extent,

proving the effectiveness of the method.

Air Transportation Management

Airspace capacity evaluation of wide range air route network based on

improved Euler model

GAO Wei, MU Rong

2025, 43(3):  24-31. 

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Aiming at the high complexity of airspace capacity evaluation of wide range air route network, a method for fast

evaluating airspace capacity of wide range air route network was proposed. Firstly, the airports, terminal areas and

sectors in the airspace were taken as nodes, and the network edge was determined according to whether there was

traffic flow between nodes. The airspace topology network of air route network based on airport, terminal areas and

sector nodes was obtained to reduce the airspace dimension of the air route network. Secondly, the airports, terminal

areas and sector nodes were used as the control unit of the Euler model to improve the Euler model, and the improved Euler model was used to model the traffic flow in the airspace topology network of the air route network.

Then, a target optimization model was established based on node capacity, and used elite retention genetic algorithm to solve the traffic flow in the airspace topology network of the air route network. When the traffic flow in the

airspace topology network of the air route network stabilizes, the airspace capacity of the air route network was obtained. Finally, the airspace capacity of a certain air route network was calculated in China and conducted simulation verification using total airspace and airport modeller (TAAM), proving the feasibility and accuracy of this

method.

Design of aircraft cabin passenger layout scheme based on infectious disease model

GU Runping, ZHANG Yangzong, LIU Jiaming

2025, 43(3):  32-37. 

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During the spread of the epidemic, regarding the risk of passengers of mutual infection in the aircraft cabin, it is

very necessary to optimize the layout scheme of passengers in the cabin and reduce the virus infection probability of

passenger. By studying the law of virus transmission in the aircraft cabin, this paper analyzed the influencing

factors of the probability of individuals being infected by the virus and the virus shedding rate in the cabin. The

match between passenger and seat was used as the decision variable, and the minimum sum of the cabin passengers

affected by the virus shedding rate of other passengers around was used as the objective function. Based on the

characteristics of passenger group flight, a allocation model for the passenger group cabin seat was established. This

paper designed an improved genetic algorithm, solved the model, and realized the algorithm using Matlab. Taking

A320 aircraft as an example, three passenger cases with different group layouts were tested. The results showed that

the proposed model and algorithm can provide an optimized seat allocation scheme within an acceptable time and

reduce the probability of infection among passengers.

Airport Engineering

A runway icing prediction method based on physics-informed neural network

XING Xinyuana, b , LIU Shifua, b , LING Jianminga, b , TAO Zefenga, b,

2025, 43(3):  38-44. 

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Runway icing poses a threat to the safety of aircraft ground operation, accurate prediction of pavement temperature

and icing state is essential. To overcome the limitations of traditional runway icing predication methods in handling

complex scenarios, limited data, and physical inconsistency, this study proposes a runway icing prediction method

based on physics-informed neural network (PINN). The model embeds multilayer structure heat conduction and

water-ice phase change mechanisms into a deep neural network, enabling precise prediction of temperature fields

and water-ice state under limited data. Experimental data from a self-designed icing simulation are used to compare the solution results of PINN with the finite difference method (FDM). Results show that the jointly driven data physics PINN reduces average prediction error of temperature by about 90% compared to FDM, with just 0.21 ℃,

which is able to reconstruct full-field temperature field from limited data. Furthermore, the study analyzes the

mechanisms of salinity lowers the freezing point, delays icing, and suppresses ice growth. These findings can provide a new technological path for runway icing prediction.

Study on the vibration effects of localizer antenna array ca

CHEN Yiting, YANG Jizhong, FENG Dubei, LIU Fangbo, LIU Jian, JIN Xuwei

2025, 43(3):  45-52. 

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This study employs a combined approach of field modal testing and dynamic simulation to comprehensively analyze

the vibration effects of a 350 km/h high-speed operation railway crossing airport flight area on the localizer (LOC)

antenna array. The results indicate that under the effect of vehicle -induced vibration, the LOC antenna array

exhibits the most significant vibration in the vertical direction, followed by the cross-track direction, with minimal

impact observed in the along-track direction. As tunnel burial depth increases, the vibration responses of the LOC

antenna array progressively diminish, particularly showing the most pronounced attenuation in vertical vibration.

LOC antenna array is prone to resonance phenomena at a frequency of 37.70 Hz. Within the 0-40 m range from the

high-speed railway centerline, both equipment rooms and the LOC antenna array display rapid attenuation of peak

vibration acceleration, while beyond 40 m, the attenuation rate gradually slows. To meet navigation equipment

vibration protection standards, it is recommended to maintain a minimum distance of 60 m between the LOC

antenna array and the high-speed railway centerline when high-speed railway crossing airport flight areas.

Network resilience assessment of airport running and sliding system based

on cell transmission model

ZHANG Yuhui, WEN Wen

2025, 43(3):  53-61. 

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Runway capacity is one of the key elements that affect the normal operation of airport flight areas, and external disturbance events can cause a decrease in the dynamic capacity of the airport. According to airport aircraft taxiing

rules, this article proposes a model to evaluate the resilience of airport flight area operation network after disturbance events, based on cell transmission model (CTM). Firstly, network performance parameters are obtained

based on the CTM. Then, taking the number of aircraft waiting in the network and the efficiency of network operation as basic performance indicators, a resilience index for the dynamic changes of the resilience of the disturbed

network is established. Finally, the CTM based network resilience assessment framework for airport running and

sliding system is established, and operational data from Tianjin Binhai International Airport in 2019 are collected,

processed, and analyzed. The research results indicate that the trend of simulated airport departure operation data

is highly consistent with the actual departure operation data, with a simulation accuracy of over 90%, and can accurately describe the network traffic flow distribution of the airport running and sliding system. The two proposed resilience assessment indicators for airports can comprehensively reflect the complete dynamic change process of

system network performance from degradation to recovery before and after disturbance events occur, providing new

support for network management of airport running and sliding system.

Research on real-time sensing model of aircraft wheel load on

airport rigid pavement

ZHANG Xianmin, CHEN Yuxiang, ZHANG Yuhui

2025, 43(3):  62-67. 

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To explore the transfer relationship between the single wheel load applied on the surface layer of airport rigid pavement and the perceived load on the base top, and provide theoretical basis and reference for the inverse calculation

of this process, firstly, a three-dimensional finite element model of the airport rigid pavement was established using

ABAQUS software. Secondly, taking B737-800 as an example, the influence of changes in runway structural parameters on the transmission process under different load capacities was calculated. Finally, different aircraft load

conditions were designed for different landing gear types, and the load transfer process was compared between

those with the same landing gear type but different landing gear spacing and those with different landing gear types

but similar landing gear spacing. The calculation results showed that the cushion layer elastic modulus and the surface layer thickness have the most significant impact on the load transfer process. Under different conditions of

cushion layer elastic modulus and surface layer thickness, the maximum difference in perceived load at the top of

the foundation was 20.36% and 8.49%, respectively. When the single wheel load is fixed and the form of the main

landing gear wheel group is the same, the perceived load at the base top decreases with the increase of the main

landing gear spacing. When the load superposition of the main landing gear wheel group on the other side is weak

enough to be ignored, the load sensing relationship was basically the same under different wheel group configuration.

Intelligent Information and Signal Processing

Hierarchical gas deduction method based on Wasm code block

FENG Xia, ZHAO Meng, LIU Caihua

2025, 43(3):  68-74. 

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Aiming at the problem of long latency in the process of gas deduction of blockchain smart contract virtual machine

based on WebAssembly (Wasm), the performance bottleneck in the process is analyzed, and a hierarchical gas deduction method based on code blocks is proposed. By designing instruction recorder and code block analyzer in

Wasm virtual machine, gas deduction based on code block is implemented. According to the structure of Wasm

module, hierarchical code block recognition rules are designed. The experimental results show that, compared with

the traditional instruction-by-instruction gas deduction method, the proposed method reduces the number of gas

deduction by 79.6%, and the execution average latency can be reduced by 17.0% and 18.8% in serial and parallel

transaction execution modes, respectively

Separating ADS-B signal with unknown interweaving multiplicity

using DPRNN

WANG Wenyi, WANG Jianshe

2025, 43(3):  75-80. 

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The interweaving of multiple signals is an inevitable problem in automatic dependent surveillance -broadcast

(ADS-B) system. Existing single-antenna ADS-B signal de-interweaving methods mostly require accurate estimation of parameters such as the interweaving multiplicity and relative delay, and the estimation accuracy often seriously affects the final separation performance. To address this problem, this paper uses dual-path recurrent neural

network (DPRNN) to separate ADS-B reception signals without the need to estimate any parameters. The network input is ADS-B signals with unknown interweaving multiplicity, including pure noise signal, no interweaving

signal, double interweaving signal and triple interweaving signal. The network is fixed to output three signals, and

when the interweaving signal contains i ADS-B signals, the corresponding source signals have i ADS-B signals

and (3 - i) noise signals. Simulation experiments show that the separation accuracy is above 95% when the interweaving multiplicity is no more than three. This study provides a new solution for ADS-B signal interweaving separation, which has practical value.

General aviation and drones

Analysis of rotor aerodynamic disturbance in cruising state of quad tilting rotor UAV

YANG Yonggang a , QIU Mingzhi b

2025, 43(3):  81-85. 

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In order to explore the aerodynamic change law of a certain type of quad tilting rotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)

during high-speed cruising process, the multiple reference frame (MRF) numerical simulation method is used to

analyze the quad tilting rotor UAV model established in this paper. By changing the relative thickness of the wing

airfoil, rotor collective pitch, forward flight speed and other parameters, the whole aircraft disturbance of the UAV

model is simulated, and the aerodynamic change characteristics of components such as rotors are analyzed. The results show that increasing the relative thickness of the wing airfoil can reduce the pull coefficient of rear rotor during cruise process, When the thickness increases by 6%, the tensile coefficient decreases by 17.09%. At the same

time, under the superposition of the front intake air flow and the front rotor slip flow, the front rotor slip flow will

have a certain impact on the rear rotor aerodynamic performance, and as the forward flight speed increases, the impact of the front rotor slip flow will first increase and then weaken.

Review

Research progress on preparation of phosphating film on magnesium

alloys surface

TONG Xiaoqiang , WANG Ruijue, , JIN Shenglong

2025, 43(3):  86-96. 

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Phosphating is an important technological process for enhancing corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys. The

preparation of phosphating films takes the interface of the alloy/solution as place, coupling multiple physical,

chemical, and electrochemical processes. Firstly, this paper commences with the kinetics of phosphating to summarize the recent research of preparations of phosphating film on magnesium alloys surface and divides the phosphating process into three consecutive sub-processes: the electrochemical corrosion of the substrate, the reaction

and diffusion of ions at the alloy/solution interface, and the heterogeneous crystallization of the phosphating film.

Secondly, in chronological order, the role of synthesis parameters in phosphating regulation is analyzed to clarify

the influence of various factors on the phosphating of magnesium alloys. It is concluded that the self-coupling of

multiple factors such as temperature, substrate treatment methods, pH, etc., and the multiple cross-couplings with

the three phosphating sub-processes are the difficulties in understanding the formation mechanism of the phosphating film. Finally, the research direction on the preparation of phosphating films on the surface of magnesium

alloys are prospected.